Sources and editorial policy

Editorial policy

Pages built mostly on state law and federal disclosure rules: Tax value vs. sale price vs. appraisal (state statutes and constitutions, plus Georgia and New York revenue department guidance) and ARMs: the worst case under the caps with the ARM worst-case calculator (Regulation Z and CFPB); and Title, liens, and inspections (CFPB, Regulation Z, FHA and VA guidance, and California, Florida, and Texas statutes).

All sources

SourceUsed forChecked
HUD Handbook 4000.1, Appendix 1.0 – Mortgage Insurance Premiums (03/20/2023)FHA upfront premium (1.75%) and annual MIP tableNov 9, 2026
HUD Handbook 4000.1, II.A.5 (manual underwriting ratios and compensating factors)FHA manual ratio tiers; minimal payment increase factorNov 9, 2026
HUD Handbook 4000.1, II.A.4 (TOTAL Mortgage Scorecard)FHA automated underwriting and manual-underwrite referralNov 9, 2026
HUD Handbook 4000.1, II.A.4 (liabilities: student loans)FHA student loan payment ruleNov 9, 2026
HUD Handbook 4000.1, II.A.2 (Adjusted Value)FHA value used for LTVNov 10, 2026
HUD Handbook 4000.1, II.A.4 (interested party contributions)FHA 6% seller contribution limitNov 10, 2026
HUD Handbook 4000.1, II.A.8 (Section 251 adjustable rate mortgages)FHA ARM caps and indexesNov 10, 2026
VA: “VA funding fee and loan closing costs” (page updated Oct 5, 2026)VA funding fee table, exemptions, refunds, seller concessionsNov 10, 2026
VA: “VA home loan limits” (page updated Aug 12, 2025)VA entitlement and loan limitsNov 9, 2026
VA Pamphlet 26-7 (VA Lenders Handbook), Chapter 4, Topic 10.b Debt-to-Income Ratio (KnowVA article 554400000330850, updated Aug 26, 2026)VA 41% DTI guide, secondary to residual income; 20% residual-income exceptionNov 9, 2026
38 CFR 36.4340 (VA underwriting standards), paragraphs (c), (d), (f)(4), (f)(5), and (g)(9) (eCFR, up to date as of Nov 6, 2026)VA DTI and residual-income standards; support income and support obligations in VA regulationNov 9, 2026
VA Pamphlet 26-7 (VA Lenders Handbook), Chapter 4, Topic 5 Debts and Obligations: student loans (KnowVA article 554400000330850, updated Aug 26, 2026)VA student loan payment ruleNov 9, 2026
USDA Rural Development: “Fiscal Year 2027 Conditional Commitment Notice” (Sep 16, 2026)USDA upfront (1.00%) and annual (0.35%) fees for FY2027Nov 9, 2026
USDA Rural Development: “Annual Fee Calculation” (method sheet)How USDA computes the annual fee (average scheduled balance)Nov 9, 2026
USDA Handbook HB-1-3555, Chapter 11 (rev 11-25-25), sections 11.2–11.3USDA 29%/41% ratios, ratio waivers, student loans, payment-increase factorNov 9, 2026
USDA Handbook HB-1-3555, Chapter 9 (rev 08-05-25), sections 9.2, 9.3, 9.7USDA eligibility tool; household vs repayment incomeNov 9, 2026
USDA Income and Property Eligibility siteOfficial USDA eligibility lookupNov 9, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-6-02, Debt-to-Income Ratios (04/02/2025)Fannie Mae 36%/45% manual and 50% DU maximumsNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-6-05, Monthly Debt Obligations (08/05/2026)Fannie Mae student loan payment ruleNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-4.1-02, Interested Party Contributions (IPCs) (05/07/2025)Fannie Mae 3/6/9/2% contribution limitsNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-6-04, Qualifying Payment RequirementsRate Fannie Mae uses to calculate DTI on ARMsNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B2-1.2-01, Loan-to-Value (LTV) RatiosLower of sales price or current appraised value for purchasesNov 10, 2026
CFPB: “When can I remove private mortgage insurance (PMI) from my loan?” (Ask CFPB #202)PMI removal at 80% (request) and 78% (automatic)Nov 9, 2026
FHFA: “FHFA Announces Conforming Loan Limit Values for 2026” (Nov 25, 2025)2026 conforming loan limitsNov 9, 2026
12 CFR 1024.17 (Regulation X, escrow accounts)Escrow cushion, shortages, surpluses, new-construction estimatesNov 10, 2026
12 CFR 1026.19 (Regulation Z, Closing Disclosure timing)Closing Disclosure received 3 business days before consummationNov 10, 2026
Texas Tax Code §11.131 (100% disabled veteran homestead)Texas total homestead exemption for 100% disabled veteransNov 10, 2026
Texas Tax Code §11.13(b), (c) (residence homestead)Texas school-district homestead exemption amountsNov 10, 2026
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020–2024 5-year estimates: tables B25103 (median real estate taxes paid), B25097 (median value by mortgage status), and B25077 (median value), county levelCounty property-tax rate estimate for the ZIP lookup (median taxes ÷ median value)Nov 9, 2026
U.S. Census Bureau, 2020 ZCTA5-to-county relationship file (Connecticut: 2022 county subdivision-to-ZCTA5 file for planning regions)Matching a ZIP code to its county or counties (by land area)Nov 9, 2026
HUD Handbook 4000.1, II.A.4.c.xii(B) Alimony, Child Support, and Maintenance Income, and II.A.4.c.xii(P) Nontaxable Income (Grossing Up)FHA documentation, receipt history, continuance, and gross-up for support receivedNov 9, 2026
HUD Handbook 4000.1, II.A.4.b.iv(E) Alimony, Child Support, and MaintenanceFHA treatment of support paidNov 9, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-3.4-02, Alimony, Child Support, Equalization Payments, or Separate Maintenance (10/07/2026)Fannie Mae documentation, history, and continuance for support receivedNov 9, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-3.1-01, General Income Information (10/07/2026)Fannie Mae 25% adjustment for nontaxable income; three-year continuanceNov 9, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-6-05, Monthly Debt Obligations (08/05/2026): Alimony, Child Support, Equalization Payments, and Separate Maintenance PaymentsFannie Mae treatment of support paid; alimony income-reduction optionNov 9, 2026
USDA Handbook HB-1-3555, Chapter 9 (rev 08-05-25), paragraph 9.8 and Attachment 9-A (Child Support; Separate Maintenance/Alimony)USDA history, continuance, and 25% gross-up for support receivedNov 9, 2026
USDA Handbook HB-1-3555, Chapter 11 (rev 11-25-25), paragraph 11.2 B.5, Court Ordered DebtsUSDA treatment of court-ordered support paidNov 9, 2026
Freddie Mac Single-Family Seller/Servicer Guide, Section 5305.1, Requirements for all other income (non-employment/non-self-employment), part (b) (effective 08/05/2026)Freddie Mac support received: history, continuance, monthly amount, gross-up exampleNov 9, 2026
Freddie Mac Single-Family Seller/Servicer Guide, Section 5401.2, Monthly debt payment-to-income (DTI) ratio (effective 08/05/2026)Freddie Mac support paid; manual-underwriting DTI guideline and maximumNov 9, 2026
VA Pamphlet 26-7 (VA Lenders Handbook), Chapter 4: Topic 2.p (alimony, child support, and maintenance income), Topic 5.b (support obligations), Topic 9 (grossing up nontaxable income) (KnowVA article 554400000330850, updated Aug 26, 2026)VA rules for support received and support paidNov 9, 2026
HUD Handbook 4000.1, II.A.1.b.ii(A)(3) Borrower Minimum Decision Credit Score; II.A.2.a.iv Calculating Maximum Mortgage Amounts on Purchases; II.A.2.b.i–ii Loan-to-Value Limits (last revised 8/12/2026)FHA credit-score tiers, 3.5% Minimum Required Investment, 96.5% maximum LTVNov 9, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-5.1-01, General Requirements for Credit Scores (11/04/2026)Fannie Mae minimum credit scores (manual 620 fixed / 640 ARM; none for DU)Nov 9, 2026
Fannie Mae Eligibility Matrix (August 5, 2026), Standard Eligibility Requirements and Note (1)Fannie Mae maximum LTV (97% / 95%) for principal-residence purchasesNov 9, 2026
VA: “VA-backed purchase loan” (page last updated Jan 7, 2026)VA no-down-payment ruleNov 10, 2026
VA Pamphlet 26-7 (VA Lenders Handbook), Chapter 4, Topic 7.b How to Analyze Credit (KnowVA article 554400000330850, updated Aug 26, 2026)VA has no minimum credit score requirementNov 9, 2026
USDA Handbook HB-1-3555, Chapter 10 (rev 08-05-25), paragraph 10.1 and Attachment 10-A (Credit Scores and Validation)USDA credit-score handling (no handbook minimum; GUS; validated score)Nov 9, 2026
7 CFR 3555.103, Maximum loan amount (eCFR, current)USDA maximum loan (no minimum down payment)Nov 9, 2026
USDA Handbook HB-1-3555, Chapter 6 (rev 05-05-25), paragraph 6.2 C, Interested Party ConcessionsUSDA 6% seller-contribution limitNov 9, 2026
Florida Statutes §196.031 (2026), Exemption of homesteads, subsection (1)(a)–(b)Florida homestead exemption amountsNov 10, 2026
California Revenue and Taxation Code §218 (amended Stats. 2023, ch. 781)California homeowners’ exemption ($7,000)Nov 10, 2026
Freddie Mac Single-Family Seller/Servicer Guide, Section 4203.1, LTV/TLTV/HTLTV ratio requirements (effective 10/07/2026)Freddie Mac 95% maximum LTV for standard 1-unit primary-residence purchases; value used for LTV on a purchase (lesser of appraised value and purchase price)Nov 10, 2026
Freddie Mac Single-Family Seller/Servicer Guide, Section 4605.1, HomeOne Mortgage requirements (effective 11/09/2026)Freddie Mac HomeOne 97% maximum LTV and first-time homebuyer requirementNov 9, 2026
Freddie Mac Single-Family Seller/Servicer Guide, Section 4501.7, Home Possible LTV/TLTV/HTLTV ratio requirements (effective 08/03/2026)Freddie Mac Home Possible maximum LTV (97% fixed / 95% ARM, 1 unit)Nov 9, 2026
Freddie Mac Single-Family Seller/Servicer Guide, Section 5203.2(d)(i), Indicator Score for Accept Mortgages (effective 11/04/2026)Freddie Mac: no minimum Indicator Score for Accept MortgagesNov 9, 2026
Freddie Mac Single-Family Seller/Servicer Guide, Section 5202.1 and Exhibit 25, Mortgages with Risk Class and/or Minimum Indicator Score Requirements (Rev. 10/07/26, effective 11/09/26)Freddie Mac minimum Indicator Scores for manually underwritten MortgagesNov 9, 2026
Freddie Mac Single-Family Seller/Servicer Guide, Section 4501.5, Home Possible credit requirements (effective 11/04/2026)Freddie Mac Home Possible manual-underwriting Indicator Score (Exhibit 25 Home Possible table)Nov 9, 2026
12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(iii) and (e)(3) (Regulation Z: Loan Estimate timing and good-faith tolerances)Loan Estimate within 3 business days of application; zero, 10% aggregate, and good-faith tolerance categoriesNov 10, 2026
12 CFR 1026.37(f), (g), and (h) (Regulation Z: Loan Estimate closing cost details and cash to close)Loan Estimate sections A–J, prepaids, initial escrow, lender credits, cash to closeNov 10, 2026
12 CFR 1024.17(f) and (i) (Regulation X: escrow shortages, deficiencies, surpluses, and annual escrow statements)Annual escrow analysis, shortage and deficiency repayment options, surplus refunds, annual statement timing and contentsNov 9, 2026
CFPB: “Why did my monthly mortgage payment go up or change?” (Ask CFPB #213)Escrow changes as a reason a payment changes; checking the statement and contacting the servicerNov 9, 2026
CFPB: “What should I do if I’m having problems with my escrow or impound account?” (Ask CFPB #2082)Tax and insurance changes change the payment; information requests and notices of errorNov 9, 2026
Texas Tax Code §23.01(a) (appraisal as of January 1)One state example of a fixed valuation date for property taxNov 10, 2026
Texas Tax Code §23.23(a)–(c) (limitation on appraised value of residence homestead)Texas 10% yearly limit on a homestead’s appraised value; when the limit starts and endsNov 10, 2026
Texas Tax Code §1.04(7)–(9) (definitions: market value, appraised value, assessed value)Texas definitions of market, appraised, and assessed valueNov 10, 2026
Florida Constitution, Article VII, Section 4(d) and (g) (Taxation; assessments)Florida Save Our Homes limit (lower of 3% or CPI), reassessment at just value after a change of ownership, 10% non-homestead residential limitNov 10, 2026
Florida CS/HJR 1-F (2026), enrolled text (Amendment 3), Article VII, Section 4(g)(1)Florida non-homestead residential limit: 10% before Jan 1, 2027, 5% beginning Jan 1, 2027; Section 4(d) unchangedNov 10, 2026
Florida Department of Revenue, Property Tax Oversight Informational Bulletin PTO 26-21, Constitutional Amendment 3 (Nov 5, 2026)Amendment 3 passed Nov 3, 2026; takes effect Jan 1, 2027 (2027 tax roll); higher non-school homestead exemption; 5% non-homestead limitNov 10, 2026
California Constitution, Article XIII A, Sections 1(a) and 2(a)–(b) (Proposition 13)California 1% limit, reappraisal on purchase, new construction, or change in ownership, 2% yearly inflation limitNov 10, 2026
California Revenue and Taxation Code §110.1(a)–(b) (amended Stats. 2017, ch. 80)California base year value set at purchase, change in ownership, or completed new constructionNov 10, 2026
California Revenue and Taxation Code §75.10(a) (supplemental roll; amended Stats. 1997, ch. 940)California reappraisal on the date of a change in ownership or completed new construction (supplemental assessment)Nov 10, 2026
12 CFR 1002.14(a) (Regulation B: providing appraisals and other valuations)Right to a copy of the appraisal; timing; no charge for the copyNov 10, 2026
12 CFR 1026.19(b) (Regulation Z: disclosures for certain variable-rate transactions)ARM booklet and loan program disclosure at application, including caps and a maximum rate and payment exampleNov 10, 2026
12 CFR 1026.37(c) and (j), and 1026.38(c) and (n) (Regulation Z: Projected Payments and Adjustable Interest Rate tables)Where the caps, change dates, and maximum payments appear on the Loan Estimate and Closing DisclosureNov 10, 2026
12 CFR 1026.20(c) and (d) (Regulation Z: ARM rate adjustment notices)Notice timing before the first and later ARM payment changesNov 10, 2026
CFPB: “What are rate caps with an adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM), and how do they work?” (Ask CFPB #1951, last reviewed Jan 14, 2025)Initial, subsequent, and lifetime caps; asking for the highest possible paymentNov 10, 2026
CFPB: “Adjustable-Rate Mortgages” booklet (Consumer Handbook on Adjustable-Rate Mortgages, last updated September 2026)Index plus margin; 5/1 and 5/6m names; caps written as three numbers such as 2/1/5Nov 10, 2026
38 U.S.C. 3707, Adjustable rate mortgages (U.S. Code, 2024 edition)VA traditional ARM: annual changes, 1-point annual cap, 5-point lifetime capNov 10, 2026
38 U.S.C. 3707A, Hybrid adjustable rate mortgages (U.S. Code, 2024 edition)VA hybrid ARM: fixed at least 3 years, then annual changes; caps set by VANov 10, 2026
38 CFR 36.4312(d) (VA adjustable rate mortgage requirements; last amended 2015)VA ARM index, annual changes, 1-point and 5-point limits, disclosuresNov 10, 2026
VA Pamphlet 26-7, Lenders Handbook, Chapter 7, Topic 6, Adjustable-Rate Mortgages (change date Mar 11, 2019; KnowVA article updated Jul 24, 2026)VA traditional and hybrid ARM caps (1/5; hybrids fixed 5+ years: 2 and 6)Nov 10, 2026
7 CFR 3555.104(a)–(b) (USDA guaranteed loan terms)USDA: rate fixed over the term; adjustable-rate mortgages ineligibleNov 10, 2026
Freddie Mac Single-Family Seller/Servicer Guide, Section 4401.1, General ARM eligibility requirements (effective 11/05/2025)Freddie Mac ARM products, index, margin, caps, floorNov 10, 2026
Freddie Mac Single-Family Seller/Servicer Guide, Section 4401.2, Underwriting requirements for ARMs (effective 07/02/2025)Freddie Mac rate used for the ARM payment in the debt-to-income ratioNov 10, 2026
CFPB: “What is owner’s title insurance?” (Ask CFPB #164, last reviewed Oct 19, 2023)Owner’s title policy: what it protects, optional, shoppingNov 10, 2026
CFPB: “What is lender’s title insurance?” (Ask CFPB #163)Lender’s title policy: protects the lender, usually requiredNov 10, 2026
CFPB: “What are title service fees?” (Ask CFPB #157)Title search and other title fees; Loan Estimate sections B, C, and HNov 10, 2026
12 CFR 1026.37(f)(2)–(3) and (g)(4) (Regulation Z: Loan Estimate loan costs and other costs)“Title —” labels; “(optional)” for separate insurance, warranty, guarantee, or event-coverage productsNov 10, 2026
12 CFR 1026.2(a)(24)–(25) (Regulation Z: residential mortgage transaction; security interest)Mortgage or deed of trust as a security interest in the homeNov 10, 2026
Texas Tax Code §32.01(a), (d) (tax lien)Texas property tax lien attaches January 1Nov 10, 2026
Florida Statutes §197.122(1) (lien of taxes; 2026)Florida property taxes as a first lien from January 1Nov 10, 2026
California Revenue and Taxation Code §2187 (amended Stats. 2002, ch. 206)California property tax as a lienNov 10, 2026
Florida Statutes §720.3085(1), (2)(b) (homeowners’ association assessments; lien claims; 2026)Florida HOA assessment lien; new owner jointly liable for unpaid assessmentsNov 10, 2026
California Civil Code §5675(a) (common interest development assessment lien)California HOA assessment lien after a recorded noticeNov 10, 2026
Texas Property Code §53.021 (persons entitled to a mechanic’s lien)Texas mechanic’s and materialman’s liensNov 10, 2026
Florida Statutes §713.05 (liens of persons in privity; 2026)Florida construction lien; claim of lien must be recordedNov 10, 2026
California Civil Code §8400 (mechanics lien right)California mechanics lien rightNov 10, 2026
HUD/FHA form HUD-92564-CN, “For Your Protection: Get a Home Inspection” (02/09/2023)FHA: appraisals are not home inspectionsNov 10, 2026
VA Pamphlet 26-7, Lenders Handbook, Chapter 12, Topic 1, Minimum Property Requirement Procedures (change date Feb 27, 2026; KnowVA article updated Aug 12, 2026)VA Minimum Property Requirements; appraisal is not a home inspectionNov 10, 2026
Texas Occupations Code §§1102.001(3), 1102.103 (real estate inspectors)Texas professional inspector license; Texas Real Estate CommissionNov 10, 2026
Florida Statutes §§468.8311, 468.8314, 468.8319(1)(a) (home inspectors; 2026)Florida home inspector license from the Department of Business and Professional RegulationNov 10, 2026
New York State Department of Taxation and Finance: STAR eligibilityNew York STAR credit and exemption; age and income limitsNov 10, 2026
53 Pa.C.S. §8583 (exclusion for homestead property)Pennsylvania local homestead exclusionNov 10, 2026
53 Pa.C.S. §8584(b) (filing deadlines)Pennsylvania homestead application deadlineNov 10, 2026
53 Pa.C.S. §8586(a) (limit on exclusion)Pennsylvania homestead exclusion limitNov 10, 2026
53 Pa.C.S. §8843 (spot reassessment)Pennsylvania ban on spot reassessmentNov 10, 2026
53 Pa.C.S. §8802 (definitions: “spot reassessment”)Pennsylvania definition of spot reassessmentNov 10, 2026
35 ILCS 200/15-175 (general homestead exemption)Illinois general homestead exemption; effect of a saleNov 10, 2026
Ohio Revised Code §323.152(A)(1) (effective Sep 23, 2026)Ohio homestead reductionNov 10, 2026
Ohio Revised Code §5713.03 (effective Oct 3, 2023)Ohio: sale price as true valueNov 10, 2026
Georgia Department of Revenue: Property Tax Homestead ExemptionsGeorgia homestead exemptions and county valuation freezesNov 10, 2026
N.C. Gen. Stat. §105-277.1 (elderly or disabled exclusion)North Carolina elderly or disabled exclusionNov 10, 2026
N.C. Gen. Stat. §105-286 (time for general reappraisal)North Carolina reappraisal scheduleNov 10, 2026
N.C. Gen. Stat. §105-287 (changes in appraised value between reappraisals)North Carolina value between reappraisalsNov 10, 2026
Michigan Compiled Laws §211.27a (taxable value; transfer of ownership)Michigan taxable value cap and reset on transferNov 10, 2026
Michigan Compiled Laws §211.7cc (principal residence exemption)Michigan principal residence exemptionNov 10, 2026
Freddie Mac: Primary Mortgage Market Survey® (PMMS®), weekly U.S. averages30-year and 15-year fixed-rate national weekly averages in the payment calculator panelNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Loan-Level Price Adjustment (LLPA) Matrix (effective Sep 30, 2026)Fannie Mae LLPAs, the waivers for HomeReady and first-time homebuyers at or under the income limits, and LLPA creditsNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae HomeReady Mortgage Product Matrix (2026)HomeReady LLPA waiver, pricing section, and mortgage insurance coverageNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B7-1-01, Provision of Mortgage Insurance (04/02/2025)Fannie Mae mortgage insurance above 80% LTV; monthly, annual, single-premium, and split-premium plansNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B7-1-02, Mortgage Insurance Coverage Requirements (08/07/2019)Fannie Mae standard and minimum mortgage insurance coverage, including HomeReadyNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B7-1-03, Lender-Purchased Mortgage Insurance (05/27/2010)Fannie Mae lender-purchased mortgage insuranceNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B7-1-04, Financed Borrower-Purchased Mortgage Insurance (12/15/2021)Financing single and split premiums into the loan; lender-paid premiums can’t be financedNov 10, 2026
Freddie Mac Single-Family Seller/Servicer Guide, Exhibit 19, Credit Fees (effective 11/04/2026, Bulletin 2026-15)Freddie Mac credit fees, the Credit Fee Caps table, and the fees added on top of the capsNov 10, 2026
Freddie Mac Single-Family Seller/Servicer Guide, Section 4701.1, Mortgage insurance requirements (effective 02/04/2026)Freddie Mac mortgage insurance above 80% LTVNov 10, 2026
Freddie Mac Single-Family Seller/Servicer Guide, Section 4701.2, Mortgage insurance premiums (effective 02/04/2026)Freddie Mac single, split, borrower-paid, lender-paid, and financed premiumsNov 10, 2026
New York Real Property Tax Law §305, Assessment methods and standardNew York uniform percentage of value (fractional assessment)Nov 10, 2026
New York Real Property Tax Law §1805, Limitation on increases of assessed value of individual parcels (with §1801(a) and §1802)Class one 6% / 20% assessment increase limits in special assessing units; additions and improvements excludedNov 10, 2026
New York Real Property Tax Law §1801, DefinitionsSpecial assessing unit: population of one million or moreNov 10, 2026
New York Real Property Tax Law §1802, Classification of real property in a special assessing unitClass one: one-, two-, and three-family homesNov 10, 2026
New York State Department of Taxation and Finance: “How property is assessed” (updated April 20, 2021)Market value estimated from sales of similar properties, then multiplied by the level of assessmentNov 10, 2026
New York State Department of Taxation and Finance: “Equalization rates” (updated August 25, 2025)Equalization rate = total assessed value ÷ total market value of the municipalityNov 10, 2026
New York State Office of Real Property Tax Services: Opinions of Counsel, Volume 10, SBRPS No. 60 (selective reassessment; page updated January 12, 2018)Assessors may not selectively reassess only properties recently conveyed or improvedNov 10, 2026
12 CFR 1026.19(f)(1)–(2) (Regulation Z: Closing Disclosure timing, receipt, waiver, and corrected disclosures)Initial and corrected Closing Disclosure timing; the three changes that restart the 3-business-day waitNov 10, 2026
Official Interpretation of 12 CFR 1026.19(f)(1)(ii), comments 1 and 2 (Supplement I to Part 1026)How the 3 business days are counted, with the regulation’s own mailing exampleNov 10, 2026
12 CFR 1026.2(a)(6) (Regulation Z: definition of “business day”)Business day for Closing Disclosure timing: every day except Sundays and federal legal public holidaysNov 10, 2026
12 CFR 1026.22(a)(2)–(4) (Regulation Z: when a disclosed annual percentage rate is accurate)Annual percentage rate tolerance (1/8 point regular, 1/4 point irregular) that decides when a new waiting period is requiredNov 10, 2026
12 CFR 1026.38 (Regulation Z: Closing Disclosure content)What the Closing Disclosure shows, including Calculating Cash to Close and Loan CalculationsNov 10, 2026
12 CFR 1026.37(f)(1)(i) (Regulation Z: points itemized under Origination Charges on the Loan Estimate)Where discount points appear on the Loan EstimateNov 10, 2026
CFPB: “What is a Closing Disclosure?” (Ask CFPB #1983, last reviewed May 2, 2023)Plain-language description of the Closing Disclosure and the 3-day review windowNov 10, 2026
CFPB: Closing Disclosure Explainer (page last modified Oct 10, 2023)CFPB’s checklist for comparing the Closing Disclosure with the Loan EstimateNov 10, 2026
CFPB: “How should I use lender credits and points (also called discount points)?” (Ask CFPB #136, last reviewed Oct 19, 2023)One point equals 1% of the loan amount; points on page 2, Section A; lender creditsNov 10, 2026
IRS Tax Topic 504, Home mortgage points (page last reviewed or updated Nov 9, 2026)General tax treatment of pointsNov 10, 2026
IRS Publication 936 (2025), Home Mortgage Interest Deduction: PointsPoints deducted in the year paid vs. ratably over the loanNov 10, 2026
Freddie Mac Single-Family Seller/Servicer Guide, Section 4204.3, Temporary subsidy buydown plans (effective 04/12/2026)Freddie Mac temporary subsidy buydown plans: Limited and Extended Buydown terms, eligibility, underwriting, and documentationNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B2-1.4-04, Temporary Interest Rate Buydowns (08/07/2024)Temporary buydown terms, eligibility, interested-party limits, and qualifying at the note rateNov 10, 2026
HUD Handbook 4000.1, II.A.4.a.iii(A)(1)(c) and II.A.5.d.vii(B)(3) (temporary interest rate buydowns: note rate for qualifying), II.A.6.a.ix (buydown escrow), II.A.8.d.iii and II.A.8.f.vi (not permitted with refinances or Section 251 ARMs)FHA temporary buydown rulesNov 10, 2026
HUD Handbook 4000.1, II.A.4.b.iv(A) General Liabilities and Debts and II.A.4.b.iv(Q) Obligations Not Considered Debt (TOTAL)What FHA counts as a monthly debt and what it does notNov 10, 2026
VA Pamphlet 26-7, Lenders Handbook, Chapter 7, Topic 7, Loans Involving Temporary Interest Buydowns (change date Jul 27, 2023; KnowVA article updated Jul 24, 2026)VA temporary buydown rules, underwriting at the full note payment, and seller concessionsNov 10, 2026
VA Pamphlet 26-7 (VA Lenders Handbook), Chapter 4: Topic 3.c (other deductions from income), Topic 5.c (analysis of debts and obligations), Topic 9.b (maintenance and utilities) (KnowVA article 554400000330850, updated Aug 26, 2026)VA’s treatment of debts, child care, and maintenance and utilitiesNov 10, 2026
12 CFR 1026.37(a)(10) (Regulation Z: the “Product” description, also used on the Closing Disclosure)What counts as the loan product (Fixed Rate, Adjustable Rate, Step Rate, and listed features)Nov 10, 2026
12 CFR 1026.36(c)(1) and (c)(3) (Regulation Z: crediting periodic payments, partial payments, and payoff statements)Periodic payments credited as of the date received; partial payments in suspense; payoff statement within 7 business daysNov 10, 2026
12 CFR 1024.35(a)–(e) (Regulation X: error resolution)Failing to apply an accepted payment under the loan terms is a covered error; notice of error, acknowledgment, and response deadlinesNov 10, 2026
12 CFR 1024.36(a)–(d) (Regulation X: requests for information)Written requests for information about a mortgage account and the servicer’s response deadlinesNov 10, 2026
12 CFR 1026.43(g) (Regulation Z: limits on prepayment penalties)When a prepayment penalty is allowed, its 3-year limit and 2%/1% caps, and the required alternative offerNov 10, 2026
12 CFR 1026.37(b)(4) (Regulation Z: “Prepayment Penalty” on the Loan Estimate)Where the Loan Estimate says whether the loan has a prepayment penaltyNov 10, 2026
24 CFR 203.22(b) (FHA: prepayment privilege)FHA mortgages can be prepaid in whole or in part at any time without a prepayment chargeNov 10, 2026
38 CFR 36.4311 (VA: prepayment)VA loans can be prepaid without premium or fee; minimum partial prepayment; when partial prepayments are creditedNov 10, 2026
7 CFR 3555.104(b) (USDA guaranteed loan terms: ineligible terms)USDA: loans requiring prepayment penalties are ineligibleNov 10, 2026
12 CFR 1026.23(a), (c), and (f) (Regulation Z: right of rescission)3-business-day right to rescind certain refinances of a principal dwelling; no disbursement until it ends; purchase-loan exemptionNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B1-1-03, Allowable Age of Credit Documents and Federal Income Tax Returns (04/02/2025)Credit, income, employment, and asset documents no more than four months old on the note dateNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-2-01, General Information on DU (04/01/2026)Desktop Underwriter: first submission before closing; resubmission when data change; new credit report if the old one expiredNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-3.1-02, Tax Return and Transcript Documentation Requirements (06/03/2026)IRS Form 4506-C: who signs, when, and how transcripts are usedNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-3.1-04, Verbal Verification of Employment (10/07/2026)Verbal VOE timing: 10 business days for employment income; 120 calendar days for self-employmentNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-3.2-01, Standards for Employment and Income Documentation (03/04/2026)Paystubs, W-2s, and the written Verification of Employment (Form 1005)Nov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-3.4-03, Annuity, Pension, or Retirement Income (10/07/2026)Documents that verify pension, annuity, and retirement incomeNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-3.4-19, Schedule K-1 Income <25% Ownership (10/07/2026)K-1 income with less than 25% ownershipNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-3.5-01, Underwriting Factors and Documentation for a Self-Employed Borrower (12/13/2023)Self-employment: 25% ownership, two-year history, tax returns, written cash flow analysis, and trend analysisNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-3.6-03, Income or Loss Reported on IRS Form 1040, Schedule C (04/01/2009)Schedule C net profit adjustments: nonrecurring items deducted; depreciation and other items added backNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-3.6-07, Income or Loss Reported on IRS Form 1065 or IRS Form 1120S, Schedule K-1 (05/07/2025)K-1 ordinary income, distributions or business liquidity, and guaranteed paymentsNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-3.7-02, Analyzing Returns for an S Corporation (02/07/2024)Business cash flow analysis when ownership is 25% or moreNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-3.8-04, Rental Income from Non-Subject Property (09/02/2026)Documents for rental income from other property: Schedule E and leasesNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-4.2-01, Verification of Deposits and Assets (05/04/2022)Verification of Deposit (Form 1006) or statements: two months for a purchase, one month for a refinanceNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-4.2-02, Depository Accounts (12/14/2022)Large deposits (more than 50% of monthly qualifying income) on a purchase must be sourcedNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-4.3-01, Stocks, Stock Options, Bonds, and Mutual Funds (06/30/2015)Investment account statements and the value lenders useNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-4.3-03, Retirement Accounts (06/30/2015)Vested retirement account funds: ownership, vesting, and withdrawal termsNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Selling Guide B3-4.3-04, Personal Gifts (02/04/2026)Acceptable donors, the gift letter, and proof of the transferNov 10, 2026
Fannie Mae Form 1084, Cash Flow Analysis (June 2019)The worksheet lenders use to turn tax-return figures into self-employed qualifying incomeNov 10, 2026
HUD Handbook 4000.1, II.A.1.a.i(A)(1) Maximum Age of Mortgage Documents and Appraisal Validity (last revised 8/12/2026)FHA documents no more than 120 days old at disbursement; 180-day appraisal validityNov 10, 2026
HUD Handbook 4000.1, II.A.4.c.ii Employment Related Income (TOTAL) (last revised 8/12/2026)FHA written and electronic VOE and reverification within 10 days before the noteNov 10, 2026
HUD Handbook 4000.1, II.A.4.c.x Self-Employment Income (TOTAL), and Appendix 2.0, Analyzing IRS Forms (last revised 8/12/2026)FHA self-employment: two-year history, tax returns, P&L, 20% decline rule, averaging, and add-backsNov 10, 2026
HUD Handbook 4000.1, II.A.4.b.iii(K) Housing Obligations/Mortgage Payment History and II.A.4.b.iv(B)–(C) Undisclosed Debt (TOTAL) (last revised 8/12/2026)FHA undisclosed debts found during processing, rescoring, and verifying an undisclosed mortgageNov 10, 2026
HUD Handbook 4000.1, II.A.5.a.iii Housing Obligations/Mortgage Payment History (Manual) and II.A.5.a.iv(B) Undisclosed Debt and Inquiries (Manual) (last revised 8/12/2026)FHA manual underwriting: 12-month housing history by credit report, VOR, VOM, or canceled checks; explanations for inquiries in the last 90 daysNov 10, 2026
HUD Handbook 4000.1, II.A.4.d.iii Sources of Funds (TOTAL): Checking and Savings Accounts; Gifts (Personal and Equity) (last revised 8/12/2026)FHA VOD or statements, deposits over 50% of monthly income, gift letter and transferNov 10, 2026
VA Pamphlet 26-7 (VA Lenders Handbook), Chapter 4: Topic 2 (employment and self-employment income), Topic 4 (assets and gifts), Topic 7 (credit history), Topic 8 (AUS documentation tables) (KnowVA article 554400000330850, updated Aug 26, 2026)VA documents, age limits, self-employment, assets, gift letters, rental history, and AUS documentationNov 10, 2026
VA: “How to request a VA home loan Certificate of Eligibility (COE)” (page last updated Sep 22, 2026)What veterans and service members need to request a COE (DD214 or statement of service)Nov 10, 2026
USDA Handbook HB-1-3555, Chapter 9 (rev 08-05-25), paragraph 9.3 and Attachment 9-A (income documentation, assets, and gifts)USDA paystubs, W-2s, VVOE within 10 business days, self-employment, IRS transcripts, 120-day document age, assets, deposits, and gift lettersNov 10, 2026
USDA Handbook HB-1-3555, Chapter 10 (rev 08-05-25), paragraph 10.2 and Attachment 10-A (credit report age, inquiries, undisclosed debts, rent history)USDA credit report age, inquiries in the last 90 days, new debts after the Conditional Commitment, and rent historyNov 10, 2026
IRS: “Income Verification Express Service for taxpayers” (page last reviewed or updated Apr 19, 2026)How a lender’s Form 4506-C transcript request works and how you approve or reject itNov 10, 2026
IRS: “Definition of adjusted gross income” (page last reviewed or updated Nov 5, 2026)What adjusted gross income (AGI) isNov 10, 2026

About the data

The ZIP lookup data: Census ACS 2020–2024 5-year county tables, the Census 2020 ZIP Code Tabulation Area relationship file (ZCTAs approximate ZIP codes). The site doesn’t publish homeowners-insurance figures.

The Freddie Mac Guide and the VA Lenders Handbook (KnowVA) block automated link checks, so those pages were checked in a browser.